Japanese automakers, especially Toyota, created a systme of manufacturing which focused on one clear objective. Every move they make they ask themselves one simple question:
"Does this add value for my customers?" If the answer is not "yes", then it is a waste. Their goal has been to eliminate all waste for the past 30+ years. My company (a very large flavor/fragrance manufacturing) has been slowly trying to adopt this strategy (really slowly!). It's such a simple concept, but you'd be surprised at how difficult it is to really achieve in practice.
A fine example is the robots my company invested millions to have installed about 5 years ago (prior to our current strategy). The goal, once the robots were in place, was to have the robots working non-stop so as to completely utilize them and thus increase efficiency. We were able to do this and managed to increase our productivity (which was measured by pours/hour) by approximately 30%. That's a great figure to take back to the management board to show a return on investment. The problem is this was a completely useless way of measuring progress. We did not increase sales by 30%. Our customers weren't 30% happier. Hours (overtime) were not cut by 30%. Wages didn't increase. On-time shipments did not increase 30%. There were no layoffs. In fact, the only thing that happened was that the robots stayed busy. We never asked ourselves what benefit the customer would see. We just looked at our arbitrary measuring system and looked for ways to increase those figures. What a waste.
This is how manufacturing, especially in the US, has worked for generations. The Japanese developed a new method and have been perfecting it for decades, never being satisfied, and simply passed by the US automakers.